The first abstract pieces were based on spiritual beliefs and used music as its main motif, two subjects that could not be represented through figuration. In their expression, artists seek purity and simplification through the use of geometric shapes. Edvard Munch, The Scream, This movement, whose precursor was Munch, appeared in the beginning of the twentieth century in Germany and in the countries of the north, where they opposed academism. By the end of the First World War, expressionist pieces represented a pessimistic and dark vision of the world.
Deformation was used as desired, to bring back the inner feeling on figurative reality. It was Guillaume Apollinaire, who in , qualified certain aspects of avant-garde painting as orphism. It is a simplification of forms, from which only colors and light remain visible, the purpose of Orphism was thus to create a sensation of movement on the canvas.
Robert and Sonia Delaunay are its representatives, among others. Salvador Dali, The Persistence of Memory, Dreams become a major source of inspiration, and artists such as Dali, Magritte, Ernst and Picabia propose their own conception of the world, which is then distorted according to the desires of each viewer. This was the end of the reign of reason in art. Pop-Artists This popular style of modern art superceded the more intellectual Abstract Expressionism and was exemplified by painters such as: Andy Warhol and Roy Lichtenstein Leading sculptors during the modern era included: the expressive realist Auguste Rodin ; the expressionists Ernst Barlach and Wilhelm Lehmbruck ; the avant-garde artist Constantin Brancusi ; the Futurist Umberto Boccioni , the Cubists Alexander Archipenko , Raymond Duchamp-Villon , Ossip Zadkine , Jacques Lipchitz and Naum Gabo ; the kineticists Alexander Calder and Jean Tinguely ; and the Swiss minimalist sculptor Alberto Giacometti Other modernist forms are represented by the primitive works of Modigliani and Jacob Epstein ; and the "found objects" known as "readymades" of Marcel Duchamp Mid-twentieth century modernism is represented by the assemblages of Louise Nevelson and Cesar Baldaccini ; the heroic statues of Yevgeny Vuchetich ; and the emotive holocaust sculptures of Wiktor Tolkin and Nandor Glid See also: 20th Century Sculptors.
Modern exponents of printmaking - engraving, etching, lithographics and silkscreen - include: Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec , MC Escher , Willem de Kooning , Robert Rauschenberg , Andy Warhol Modern photographic art is indebted to the pioneering efforts of Alfred Stieglitz and Edward Steichen Which are the 25 Greatest Modern Paintings? Here is a chronological list of the finest examples of modern painting , as selected by our Editor.
By Claude Monet The Gross Clinic University of Pennsylvania. By Thomas Eakins By John Singer Sargent By Ilya Repin By Georges Seurat By Vincent van Gogh By Edvard Munch Girl with a Fan Folkwang Museum, Hessen. By Paul Gauguin By Paul Cezanne By Gustav Klimt By Pablo Picasso La Danse Hermitage, St Petersburg. By Henri Matisse By Giacomo Balla Nude Descending a Staircase No.
By Marcel Duchamp Seated Nude Courtauld Institute, London. By Amedeo Modigliani By Kees van Dongen Girl with Gloves Private Collection. By Tamara de Lempicka American Gothic oil on beaverboard, Art Institute of Chicago. By Grant Wood Guernica oil on canvas, Reina Sofia Museum, Madrid.
Nighthawks Art Institute of Chicago. By Edward Hopper By Piet Mondrian By Jackson Pollock By Willem De Kooning By Rene Magritte By Francis Bacon Four Marilyns Private Collection. By Andy Warhol Which are the 25 Greatest Modern Sculptures? Here is a chronological list of the best modern works of sculpture , as compiled by our Editor. David c. By Marius Jean Antonin Mercier By Frederic-Auguste Bartholdi By Edgar Degas By Auguste Rodin By Andre Derain The Kiss Stone, Hamburgerkunsthalle, Hamburg.
By Constantin Brancusi Walking Woman Denver Museum of Art. By Alexander Archipenko By Umberto Boccioni By Raymond Duchamp-Villon By James Earle Fraser By Wilhelm Lehmbruck Constructed Head No.
By Naum Gabo By Daniel Chester French Woman with Guitar Private Collection. By Jacques Lipchitz By Gutzon Borglum and his son Lincoln Borglum By Jacob Epstein By Anna Hyatt Huntingdon By Ossip Zadkine By Louise Nevelson By Alberto Giacometti Divided Head Bronze, Fiorini, London.
By Cesar Baldaccini By Henry Moore. The Dachau Memorial Munich, Germany. By Nandor Glid The Majdanek Memorial Lublin, Poland. By Wiktor Tolkin Modern Art c. Definition There is no precise definition of the term "Modern Art": it remains an elastic term, which can accomodate a variety of meanings.
Characteristics Although there is no single defining feature of "Modern Art", it was noted for a number of important characteristics, as follows: 1 New Types of Art Modern artists were the first to develop collage art , assorted forms of assemblage , a variety of kinetic art inc mobiles , several genres of photography, animation drawing plus photography land art or earthworks, and performance art. Modern Photographic Art One of the most important and influential new media which came to prominence during the "Modern Era" is photography.
Modern Architecture Modernism in architecture is a more convoluted affair. Modern Painters Impressionists flourished One of the most revolutionary movements of modern representational art, its leading members included: Claude Monet ; Pierre-Auguste Renoir ; Edgar Degas ; Camille Pissarro ; Alfred Sisley ; Edouard Manet ; Berthe Morisot ; John Singer Sargent Modern Sculptors Leading sculptors during the modern era included: the expressive realist Auguste Rodin ; the expressionists Ernst Barlach and Wilhelm Lehmbruck ; the avant-garde artist Constantin Brancusi ; the Futurist Umberto Boccioni , the Cubists Alexander Archipenko , Raymond Duchamp-Villon , Ossip Zadkine , Jacques Lipchitz and Naum Gabo ; the kineticists Alexander Calder and Jean Tinguely ; and the Swiss minimalist sculptor Alberto Giacometti Modern Printmakers Modern exponents of printmaking - engraving, etching, lithographics and silkscreen - include: Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec , MC Escher , Willem de Kooning , Robert Rauschenberg , Andy Warhol Modern Photgraphers Modern photographic art is indebted to the pioneering efforts of Alfred Stieglitz and Edward Steichen De Stijl Dutch for "the style," was the name of a group of artists and the art, design and aesthetics journal they published, which was one of the most influential avant-garde magazines of the s.
Founded in the Netherlands during World War I, by Theo van Doesburg, the older Piet Mondrian, architect Gerrit Rietveld, and Bart Van der Leck, it advocated a geometrical type of abstract art, later called concrete art, by Van Doesburg , based on universal laws of harmony that would be equally applicable to life and art.
The movement had its greatest impact on architecture. Although Piet Mondrian seceded from the group in , he remained faithful to its themes until the end of his life by which time he had become one of the most famous of all abstract painters. By comparison, the more restless Van Doesburg abandoned one of the basic tenets of De Stijl in when he substituted diagonals for verticals and horizontals in search of greater dynamism.
Neo-Plasticism fl. Term used to describe the style of painting invented by Piet Mondrian. It comes from the Dutch words "Nieuwe Beelding", used by Mondrian in his articles in De Stijl magazine , and in his book "Neo-Plasticisme" from onwards to describe his own type of abstract art. Essentially it means "new art", since sculpture and certain types of painting are considered 'plastic arts'.
However the German version "Neue Gestaltung" new forming captures Mondrian's meaning best. He used the name to advocate a 'new forming' in the widest sense, as well as his own ideas and images. Thus in a sense Neo-Plasticism was an ideal form of painting, which used only pure colour, line and form. In addition to insisting only on primary colours or non-colours , it advocated solely squares, rectangles, and straight horizontal or vertical lines.
Despite his disagreement with Van Doesburg over the latter's launch of Elementarism , in , Mondrian's theories exercised had a huge impact on later painting, and he is now regarded as one of the greatest of all modern artists.
Bauhaus School Germany, Founded in by the innovative modern architect Walter Gropius at Weimar in Germany, the Bauhaus Design School was a revolutionary school of art upon which so many others have been modelled. Its name, derived from the two German words "bau" for building and "haus" for house, together with its artist-community system, hints at the the idea of a fraternity working on the construction of a new society.
Its stated goal was to bring art into contact with everyday life, hence design was accorded as much weight as fine art. Among the leading principles taught at The Bauhaus were the virtues of simple, clean design; abstraction; massproduction; the ethical and practical advantages of a well-designed environment, as well as democracy and worker participation.
In , The Bauhaus moved into a new building in Dessau in , and in relocated to Berlin where it was eventually closed by the Nazis in Purism Early, mids. Disagreeing with Cubist fragmentation, they produced figurative art mostly still lifes basic forms stripped of detail and supposedly pure in colour, form and design. Precisionism Cubist-Realism fl. An important influence on modern art painting in the United States, Precisionism was an American movement also referred to as Cubist Realism whose focus was modern industry and urban landscapes, characterized by the realistic depiction of objects but in a manner which also highlighted their geometric form.
An idealized, almost Romantic style, it was exemplified in works by Charles Demuth and Charles Sheeler, while the urban pictures of Georgia O'Keeffe also fall into the Precisionist genre. Surrealist Movement onwards. Rooted in the Metaphysical Painting of Giorgio de Chirico , the revolutionary painterly ideas of Cubism, the subversive art of Dada and the psychoanalysis ideas of Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung, Surrealism was the most influential avant-garde art movement of the inter-war years.
A broad intellectual movement, Surrealism encompassed a diverse range of styles from abstraction to expressionism and full-blown realism, characteristically punctuated with weird, hallucinatory or fundamentally 'unreal' imagery. The First International Surrealist Exhibition opened in London in and sparked enormous interest, not least because of the talk given by the flamboyant self-publicist Salvador Dali from inside a deep-sea diving suit.
Surrealism had a huge influence on Europe, and few European artists of the s were unaffected by the movement. It continues to have a significant influence on art, literature and cinematography. A popular and fashionable style of decorative design and architecture in the inter-war years much beloved by cinema and hotel architects , Art Deco designs also extended to furniture, ceramics, textile fabrics, jewellery, and glass.
Showcased in at the International Exhibition of Modern Decorative and Industrial Arts held in Paris, Art Deco was essentially a reaction against Art Nouveau: replacing the latter's flowing curvilinear shapes with Cubist and Precisionist-inspired geometric forms.
Art Deco also drew inspiration from the modern architectural designs of The Bauhaus. Ecole de Paris Paris School. For half a century Paris remained the centre of world art, culminating in the dazzling works of Impressionism, Post-Impressionism, Fauvism, Cubism, Dada and Surrealism. The Paris School is a term used by art historians to denote the community of artists, both French and foreign, working in the city during the first half of the 20th century, rather than a strictly defined style, school or movement.
For many reasons, Paris was exceptionally attractive to artists. It was free of political repression, it was home to a number of influential 20th century painters eg. Neue Sachlichkeit Germany, c. Die Neue Sachlichkeit - a German term, meaning "New Objectivity" - was the name given to a group of Expressionist artists in Germany during the s, derived from their Neue Sachlichkeit show in Mannheim.
Although the exhibition curator, GF Hartlaub, described its paintings as "new realism bearing a socialist flavour", the style was vividly expressionist in its satirical portrayal of corruption and decadence in post-war Weimar Germany. Magic Realism Although influenced by Surrealism, Magic Realism was actually part of the 'return to order' trend which occured in post-World War I Europe in the s.
Socialist Realism Socialist Realism was a form of heroic political propaganda employed by dictator Joseph Stalin in Russia, from onwards, to buttress his program of accelerated industrial development. Formally announced by his artistic stooge Maxim Gorky, at the Soviet Writers Congress of , the style or direction involved the creation of bold optimistic imagery to evangelize the achievements of the Soviet State and inspire workers to Stakhanovite feats of labour.
The most ubiquitous media used by Socialist Realist artists was the poster, although painting and sculpture was also produced, typically on a monumental scale, showing fearless individuals and groups in idealistic and heroic poses. Social Realism America A general category describing works of art which focus on relatively low-brow subjects to do with eveyday life, as opposed to the 'ideal' or romantic settings employed by artists up until the 19th century.
It embraces American Scene Painting and Regionalism. They took their inspiration from the traditions of the earlier New York Ashcan School. Photographers like Dorothea Lange and Walker Evans also contributed to the movement with their portraits of migrant workers from the Depression. American Scene Painting was a sort of patriotic reaction to avant-garde European abstract art. Artists turned their back on European hypermodernism and looked for truth in specifically American imagery.
Regionalism was the midwest variant of American Scene Painting, which relied on the realistic nostalgic setting of rural and small-town America. Degenerate Art Entartete Kunst , Germany. Coined by Adolf Hitler, the term " Entartete Kunst " meaning degenerate art , expresses the Nazi idea that any art which did not conform to the ideal of well-crafted figurative images depicting heroic acts or comfortable day-to-day living, was the product of degenerate people. Not surprisingly most modern art was labelled degenerate, which meant that most modern artists in Germany from onwards could not show or sell their works.
In , the Nazis removed all modern works from German art museums. A selection was then exhibited in Munich to demonstrate how repulsive they were, but the plan backfired and the show attracted huge crowds. See also Nazi art Neo-Romanticism Term denoting the intense, poetic, figurative and semi-abstract British landscape paintings of Paul Nash, Graham Sutherland and others in the late s, s and s, that gave a modern interpretation to the romantic, visionary works of the 18th century William Blake and the 19th century Samuel Palmer.
Early works were generally sombre, reflecting the anxieties of approaching war. Art Brut is a phrase coined by Jean Dubuffet , to denote artworks produced by people outside the established art world, such as solitary artists, the maladjusted, patients in psychiatric institutions, and fringe-dwellers of all kinds - typically not for display or profit. In English, the term " Outsider Art " a phrase coined by Roger Cardinal in is sometimes used to describe this kind of work.
In Dubuffet's view, this type of culturally detached art possessed a unique originality, unstifled by education. Dubuffet's collection of Art Brut, eventually numbering over 5, items, was presented to the city of Lausanne in and in was opened to the public. It did not constitute a movement as such, but rather a style of art which appeared in the work of many different artists, such as Wassily Kandinsky, Constantin Brancusi, Jean Arp, Joan Miro and Yves Tanguy, as well as the British sculptors Barbara Hepworth and Henry Moore.
See also: Modern British Sculpture St Ives School The St Ives School was a British art colony based in the Cornish fishing town of St Ives, it was associated with the abstract artist Ben Nicholson and his wife, the great sculptor Barbara Hepworth, who settled near the town in , to be joined shortly afterwards until by the Russian Constructivist sculptor Naum Gabo.
Another major artist, who had been living in St Ives since , when he founded a pottery studio with fellow ceramicist Shoji Hamada, was the British ceramics artist Bernard Howell Leach. After , as other artists arrived, St Ives developed into a centre for modern and abstract art, much of it derived from the local landscape. Existential Art lates, s.
Existentialism was a popular philosophy which grew up around the writings of Frenchmen Jean-Paul Sartre and Albert Camus, during the s and s. It had a significant effect on the visual arts, where its themes of alienation, as well as angst in the face of the human condition, can also be seen in works of American Abstract Expressionism and Art Informel as well as in works by the COBRA group , the French Homme-Temoin group, the British Kitchen Sink art group, and the American Beats group - all of whom from time to time are labelled Existential.
For a later artist whose work is inextricably bound up with the existential "absurdity" of life, see the contemporary sculptor Eva Hesse Abstract Expressionist Movement c. Abstract Expressionism was a major umbrella movement of American art during the lates and s, which consisted of a series of differing styles. As its name implies, the general style was abstract, but, instead of following the Cubist geometrical idiom, it followed an expressive or emotional course. Another major contribution was made by the ex-Bauhaus painter Josef Albers with his "Homage to the Square" series.
Art Informel fl. The French term Art Informel , meaning art without form, was the European equivalent of abstract expressionist painting , which dominated the art world from roughly until the late s.
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