What is the ideal gas law constant? How do you calculate the ideal gas law constant? How do you find density in the ideal gas law? Does ideal gas law apply to liquids? Impact of this question views around the world. You can reuse this answer Creative Commons License. The four fundamental states of matter. Clockwise from top left, they are solid, liquid, plasma and gas, represented by an ice sculpture, a drop of water, electrical arcing from a tesla coil, and the air around clouds respectively.
In a solid, the particles ions, atoms or molecules are closely packed together. The forces between particles are strong so that the particles cannot move freely but can only vibrate. As a result, a solid has a stable, definite shape, and a definite volume.
Solids can only change their shape by force, as when broken or cut. In crystalline solids, the particles atoms, molecules, or ions are packed in a regularly ordered, repeating pattern.
There are various different crystal structures, and the same substance can have more than one structure or solid phase. Ice has fifteen known crystal structures, or fifteen solid phases, which exist at various temperatures and pressures. Glasses and other non-crystalline, amorphous solids without long-range order are not thermal equilibrium ground states; therefore they are described below as nonclassical states of matter.
Solids can be transformed into liquids by melting and can also change directly into gases through the process of sublimation. Structure of a classical single atom liquid. Atoms have many nearest neighbors in contact, yet no long-range order is present. A liquid is a nearly incompressible fluid that conforms to the shape of its container but retains a nearly constant volume independent of pressure.
The volume is definite if the temperature and pressure are constant. When a solid is heated above its melting point, it becomes liquid, given that the pressure is higher than the triple point of the substance. Intermolecular or interatomic or interionic forces are still important, but the molecules have enough energy to move relative to each other and the structure is mobile.
This means that the shape of a liquid is not definite but is determined by its container. The volume is usually greater than that of the corresponding solid, the best known exception being water, H 2 O. The highest temperature at which a given liquid can exist is its critical temperature. The spaces between gas molecules are very big. Gas molecules have very weak or no bonds at all.
A gas is a compressible fluid. Not only will a gas conform to the shape of its container but it will also expand to fill the container. In a gas, the molecules have enough kinetic energy so that the effect of intermolecular forces is small or zero for an ideal gas , and the typical distance between neighboring molecules is much greater than the molecular size.
A gas has no definite shape or volume, but occupies the entire container in which it is confined. A liquid may be converted to a gas by heating at constant pressure to the boiling point, or else by reducing the pressure at constant temperature. At temperatures below its critical temperature, a gas is also called a vapor, and can be liquefied by compression alone without cooling. A vapour can exist in equilibrium with a liquid or solid , in which case the gas pressure equals the vapor pressure of the liquid or solid.
A supercritical fluid SCF is a gas whose temperature and pressure are above the critical temperature and critical pressure respectively. In this state, the distinction between liquid and gas disappears. A supercritical fluid has the physical properties of a gas, but its high density confers solvent properties in some cases, which leads to useful applications.
For example, supercritical carbon dioxide is used to extract caffeine in the manufacture of decaffeinated coffee. This gives it the ability to conduct electricity. Like a gas, plasma does not have definite shape or volume. Unlike gases, plasmas are electrically conductive, produce magnetic fields and electric currents, and respond strongly to electromagnetic forces.
The plasma state is often misunderstood, but it is actually quite common on Earth, and the majority of people observe it on a regular basis without even realizing it. Originally published by Cosmos as The seven states of matter explained.
Cosmos is published by The Royal Institution of Australia, a charity dedicated to connecting people with the world of science. Financial contributions, however big or small, help us provide access to trusted science information at a time when the world needs it most.
Please support us by making a donation or purchasing a subscription today. Cosmos » Physics » The seven states of matter explained Share Tweet. Related reading: SpaceWatch: Tales of matter and diamonds Originally published by Cosmos as The seven states of matter explained.
0コメント